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Jean de Forcade, ( * about 1624, presumably in Boeil, Béarn; † 9 November 1684, Pau, Béarn), was a ''fermier des monnaies de Béarn et Navarre''〔Chaix d'Est-Ange, Tome 18, Page 315 ((in French) )〕〔Charlet & Arbez, Pages 223-264. ((in French) )〕 (minter of coins for Béarn and Navarre). He was a Protestant nobleman, but abjured from Protestantism〔Chaix d'Est-Ange, Tome 18, Page 316 ((in French) )〕 shortly before the end of his life, under intimidation from the policy of harassment of religious minorities through the use of dragonnades, created in 1681, to intimidate Huguenots into converting to Catholicism or to leave France, and under the threat of confiscation of properties of nobles who did not convert. ''Jean de Forcade'' is the founder of the Forcade-Biaix family line,〔Jougla de Morenas, Tome 4, Page 28 (in French)〕 through his 1659 acquisition of the noble fief of ''Biaix'' in the city of Pau, and therewith the earliest bearer of the Forcade-Biaix name. He is the son of Isacq de Forcade -- the son of a lawyer, Pierre de Forcade and Marie de Maserolles -- and his wife Marie de Bordes -- the daughter of a lawyer, Pierre de Bordes and Marie de Foron. == Life and Occupation == The earliest known mention of ''Jean de Forcade'' is in 1652 in relation to three mints being in position to strike new coins using mills, when the ''Chambre des Comptes de Pau'' (the Court of Finances of Pau) granted a license to mint to ''Pierre de Peyré'', who, in turn, subcontracted the production to: ''Jean de Gassie'', legislator at the Parliament of Navarre, who was committed to the mint in Morlaàs and ''Jean Verdoyé'' to the one in Saint-Palais. ''Verdoyé'' was also to ensure the interim succession of ''Richard Lamy'' at the mint in Pau until the arrival of ''Jean de Forcade''. On 30 August 1658,〔 Jean de Forcade was admitted to the Order of Nobility of the States of Béarn as ''Seigneur de Rontignon''.〔 The fief of Rontignon was originally a part of the ''Marquisate of Gassion''. It is not clear how Forcade came into possession of the fief, but it is thought that the property and the right to enter the Order of Nobility were passed from his father to him by testament at the time of his death. The ''Chambre des Comptes de Pau'' renewed the license for the ''Coin Mint of Navarre and Béarn'', for a fee of 11,100 livres on 11 July 1659. The official beneficiary of the license was ''Daniel d'Aripe'', which was, in fact, the d.b.a. used by the three associates: ''Jean de Gassie'', ''Jeans Daudichon'' and ''Jean de Forcade''. In practice, it seems that only ''Jean de Forcade'' personally exploited one of three mints, namely the one in Saint-Palais. The management of the mints in Pau and Morlaàs was entrusted to ''Robert Fisson'', acting in the quality of a subcontractor or shareholder proxy. There were numerous problems associated with the minting of coins for Béarn and Navarre, all of which go beyond the scope of this biography. Some were conflicts with the King of France and his rulings on autonomy for the regions, others were with regard to the authorities responsible for the production of coins throughout France, and still others were legal issues related to competitors. King Louis XIV of France subsequently ordered the three mints closed. His Counsel issued a ruling on 17 Mar 1661, ordering the immediate closure of mints in Pau, Morlaàs and Saint-Palais, and the transport of the records of all coins minted at the three mints since the reign of Henry IV by the Attorney General of the Chambre des Comptes de Pau. The problems, the visits of envoys, the interference of authorities from the Mint of France, and the aforementioned ruling led the three partners to justly conclude that their days were numbered and that the mints in Pau, Morlaàs and Saint-Palais were indeed doomed for closure, or at best be put to auction in Paris. Nevertheless, for political reasons, the ''Chambre des Comptes de Pau'' was not predisposed to grant the partners a termination of their lease since it would result in a loss of resources for the province. Considering these circumstances, the partners decided to address themselves to the King's Counsel to obtain the termination of their lease and financial relief. On 22 February 1663, the Counsel issued a final ruling declaring the license to ''Daniel d'Aripe'' null and void, retroactively to 30 June 1662, and relieving the partners of the payment of the annual license fee of 11,100 livres, therewith ending the venture. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jean de Forcade, Seigneur de Biaix」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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